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Precision viticulture
Precision viticulture is precision farming applied to optimize vineyard performance, in particular maximizing grape yield and quality while minimizing environmental impacts and risk.〔Proffitt, T., R. Bramley, D. Lamb, and E. Winter. 2006. ''Precision Viticulture: A New Era in Vineyard Management and Wine Production''. WineTitles, Adelaide. ISBN 978-0-9756850-4-4〕 This is accomplished by measuring local variation in factors that influence grape yield and quality (soil, topography, microclimate, vine health, etc.) and applying appropriate viticulture management practices (trellis design, pruning, fertilizer application, irrigation, timing of harvest, etc.).〔Bramley R.G.V., Hamilton R.P. 2004. Understanding variability in winegrape production systems. 1. Within vineyard variation in yield over several vintages. ''Australian Journal of Grape and Wine Research'' 10: 32-45.〕〔Bramley R.G.V. 2005. Understanding variability in winegrape production systems. 2. Within vineyard variation in quality over several vintages. ''Australian Journal of Grape and Wine Research'' 11: 33-42.〕 Precision viticulture is based on the premise that high in-field variability for factors that affect vine growth and grape ripening warrants intensive management customized according to local conditions. Precision viticulture depends on new and emerging technologies such as global positioning systems (GPS), meteorologic and other environmental sensors, satellite and airborne remote sensing, and geographic information systems (GIS) to assess and respond to variability.
== Background ==
Precision viticulture is unique in its emphasis on vineyard management according to local variation, and in its use of science and technology to accomplish this. While Australian viticulturalists are generally recognized as leaders in precision viticulture, and while viticulturalists worldwide have embraced the approach, the fundamental concepts have deep roots in the traditions of Old World winemaking regions. ''Terroir'', a related French concept, refers to the special geographic qualities or "sense of place" embodied in the wine produced in a particular region.〔Robinson, J. (ed). 2006. ''The Oxford Companion to Wine, Third Edition''. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-860990-6〕
Precision agriculture emphasizes "doing the right thing, in the right place, at the right time", and is practical for viticulture because of high local variability of conditions within vineyards, and because of responsiveness to intensive management in terms of increased grape yield and quality. According to CSIRO, Australia 〔CSIRO, 2008. ''Australia Precision Viticulture Overview'', http://www.csiro.au/science/Precision-Viticulture.html, accessed December 15, 2008〕 "Typically grape yield varies eight to ten-fold under uniform management"; "patterns of yield variation are stable in time and driven by soil and topographic variation"; and "patterns of variation in fruit quality tend to be similar to those for yield, suggesting opportunities for zonal management and selective harvest". Australian precision viticulture has focused on yield monitoring, whereas California precision viticulture has focused on remote sensing.〔Goode, J. 2005. ''The Science of Wine: from Vine to Glass''. University of California Press, Berkeley. ISBN 0-520-24800-7, ISBN 978-0-520-24800-7〕
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